Cette carte détaille les différentes voies navigables existantes en fonction de leur gabarit, dans l'Europe entière, ainsi que la localisation des principaux ports fluviaux de commerce. Votre offre HRS . Austria underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich; France had been invaded and Italy was a fascist regime. The first president of the Alpine Club, John Ball, is considered the discoverer of the Dolomites, which for decades were the focus of climbers like Paul Grohmann, Michael Innerkofler and Angelo Dibona. France. With over 120 million visitors a year, tourism is integral to the Alpine economy with much it coming from winter sports, although summer visitors are also an important component. The inclination of the roof cannot exceed 40%, allowing the snow to stay on top, thereby functioning as insulation from the cold. Pays limitrophes (frontières terrestres uniquement) Monde; Afrique. [70] This limit usually lies about 1,200 m (3,900 ft) above the sea on the north side of the Alps, but on the southern slopes it often rises to 1,500 m (4,900 ft), sometimes even to 1,700 m (5,600 ft). Il note que ces écoles étaient faites par des instituteurs payés par plusieurs familles, les enfants se regroupant dans une des maisons du village ; les personnes qui faisaient office d'instituteur étaient souvent aussi notaires et écrivain public, et allaient souvent en plaine proposer leurs services aux populations locales, moins lettrées. The Dolomites (Italy) are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It covers a large area from the Mediterranean Sea in the south up to the French Alps in the north and extends west to east along the coast from the river Rhône all the way to the Italian border. The low lying parts of this region are generally dry and warm for most of the year, but the higher parts, stretching up into the Alps, are dry and quite cool. Destinations D'europe. en Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes en temps réel ... Europe Reste du monde Hauts-de-France Grand-Est Ile-de-France Pays-de-la-Loire PACA Bretagne Corse Occitanie Nouv.-Aquitaine Nord Nouv.-Aquitaine Sud Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Centre-Val-de-Loire Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Normandie Animation 24h Archives. Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes back to the Palaeolithic era. [4], Major mountain range system in Central Europe, "Alpe" redirects here. Ainsi, avant d'être reconnue comme « un territoire alpin », c'est d'abord huit petits morceaux de huit nations bien différentes. Retrouvez tous les cartes et guides touristiques Michelin, par collection et thématique. By the 6th century BC, the Celtic La Tène culture was well established. Andorre. [76] Perhaps the best known of the alpine plants is Edelweiss which grows in rocky areas and can be found at altitudes as low as 1,200 m (3,900 ft) and as high as 3,400 m (11,200 ft). [63], The severe weather in the Alps has been studied since the 18th century; particularly the weather patterns such as the seasonal foehn wind. Vosges. The 18th and 19th centuries saw an influx of naturalists, writers, and artists, in particular, the Romantics, followed by the golden age of alpinism as mountaineers began to ascend the peaks. L’existence de ces orogènes est liée à la convergence des plaques tectoniques africaine et européenne et à l'interposition de blocs ou de microplaques. SKI AREA. Other rivers such as the Danube have major tributaries flowing into them that originate in the Alps. Owners of the cows traditionally receive from the cheesemakers a portion in relation to the proportion of the cows' milk from the summer months in the high alps. [46], In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation,[34] which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he believed originated to the west in the Bernese Oberland. Their upgrading is planned to enhance their performance. • Paris • Orleans • Côte d’Azur • Nomads • Colmar • Bretagne • Normandie • Alpes Post navigation. Standing stones have been found in Alpine areas of France and Italy. Temperature Outlook for Europe. The salt mines surrounding the Altaussee area, where American troops found 75 kg (165 lb) of gold coins stored in a single mine, were used to store looted art, jewels, and currency; vast quantities of looted art were found and returned to the owners.[133]. [86] Molluscs such as the wood snail live up the snow line. Le massif des Alpes est un ensemble montagneux qui s'étend sur plus d'un millier de kilomètres, d'Italie jusqu'en en Autriche.Il est partagé par huit pays : l'Italie, la France, Monaco, la Suisse, l'Autriche, le Liechtenstein, l'Allemagne, et la Slovénie.. Il est communément admis [réf. hotel. [9] The plants that grow at the highest altitudes have adapted to conditions by specialization such as growing in rock screes that give protection from winds. 10/13. News. Climatic conditions show variances within the same zones; for example, weather conditions at the head of a mountain valley, extending directly from the peaks, are colder and more severe than those at the mouth of a valley which tend to be less severe and receive less snowfall. Similarly, the river god Alpheus also derives from the Greek alphos and means whitish. [30], The formation of the Alps (the Alpine orogeny) was an episodic process that began about 300 million years ago. Europe in my Region; About. Welcome to google maps Haute-Savoie locations list, welcome to the place where google maps sightseeing make sense! A number of airports around the Alps (and some within), as well as long-distance rail links from all neighbouring countries, afford large numbers of travellers easy access. The Cote d'Azur, often referred to in English as the French Riviera, is a … Find the towns and villages of Provence and the Riviera on the maps of the region and discover the leisure activities, visits, excursions and descriptions for each of these villages. Timbres, pièces de monnaie et billets, cartes postales ou autres objets de collection, ils sont tous sur Delcampe ! The Swiss commanders wired the infrastructure leading into the country with explosives, and threatened to destroy bridges, railway tunnels and roads across passes in the event of a Nazi invasion; and if there was an invasion the Swiss army would then have retreated to the heart of the mountain peaks, where conditions were harsher, and a military invasion would involve difficult and protracted battles. Nous vous remboursons la différence, si vous trouvez moins cher. Mont Blanc spans the French–Italian border, and at 4,809 m (15,778 ft) is the highest mountain in the Alps. Quant à l'émigration temporaire des instituteurs (durant l'hiver), un ancien préfet des Hautes-Alpes (département français) en parle dans un livre, et énumère parmi les émigrants temporaires 705 instituteurs pour les années 1807 et 1808, pour son seul département[23]. Carte des prévisions de neige pour Europe qui indique l'accumulation de neige au cours des 10 prochains jours et des 7 derniers jours, plus les rapports d'enneigement, les conditions météorologiques en direct et les webcams. The Almabtrieb, Alpabzug, Alpabfahrt, Désalpes ("coming down from the alps") is celebrated by decorating the cows with garlands and enormous cowbells while the farmers dress in traditional costumes. [130] The Swiss Confederation mobilized its troops—the country follows the doctrine of "armed neutrality" with all males required to have military training—a number that General Eisenhower estimated to be about 850,000. Pier Paolo Viazzo parle de « paradoxe alpin »[16], soulignant que, contrairement à ce que l'on pourrait penser de populations de territoires enclavés et parfois difficiles d'accès, les populations alpines étaient souvent plus éduquées et cultivées que d'autres, curieuses et sachant adapter leurs modes de vie en fonction des contraintes rencontrées. Benniston, Martin, et al. EU Annual Regional and Local Barometer; Political priorities 2020–2025; Plenary sessions; Bureau; Conference of Presidents; Opinions; Territorial Impact Assessment (TIA) Commissions. President; First Vice-President; Secretary-General; Protocol service; Tenders; Jobs; Traineeships; Our work. Large hotels were built during the Belle Époque; cog-railways, built early in the 20th century, brought tourists to ever higher elevations, with the Jungfraubahn terminating at the Jungfraujoch, well above the eternal snow-line, after going through a tunnel in Eiger. La flore alpine est largement gouvernée par l'altitude, et dans une moindre mesure l'exposition et la latitude. Roofs are traditionally constructed from Alpine rocks such as pieces of schist, gneiss or slate. [64], The Alps are split into five climatic zones, each with different vegetation. Enfin, découvrez notre service Street Free Plan pour utiliser des plans de villes sur votre mobile sans utiliser votre connexion Internet. [35] As the rising peaks underwent erosion, a layer of marine flysch sediments was deposited in the foreland basin, and the sediments became involved in younger nappes (folds) as the orogeny progressed. [136], Farming had been a traditional occupation for centuries, although it became less dominant in the 20th century with the advent of tourism. De Graciansky, Pierre-Charles et al. [48] Moraines, piles of rock picked up during the movement of the glacier, accumulate at edges, centre and the terminus of glaciers. [99] The Romans built settlements in the Alps; towns such as Aosta (named for Augustus) in Italy, Martigny and Lausanne in Switzerland, and Partenkirchen in Bavaria show remains of Roman baths, villas, arenas and temples. France [04] Alpes de Haute Provence. carte physique. [49], Glaciers end in ice caves (the Rhône Glacier), by trailing into a lake or river, or by shedding snowmelt on a meadow. At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Alpine countries began to see an influx of poets, artists, and musicians,[121] as visitors came to experience the sublime effects of monumental nature. 12/13. The Saint Gotthard Pass crosses from Central Switzerland to Ticino; in 1882 the 15 km-long (9.3 mi) Saint Gotthard Railway Tunnel was opened connecting Lucerne in Switzerland, with Milan in Italy. Il aura fallu 40 ans pour que ce traité international voie le jour. In 1800, Napoleon crossed one of the mountain passes with an army of 40,000. Cette limite s'est élevée ces dernières dizaines d'années. Austria is a landlocked mountainous country located in South-Central Europe. 13/13. In his commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil, the late fourth-century grammarian Maurus Servius Honoratus says that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts. Hells Angels MC World. L'Europe est montrée comme une aire culturelle au sens large. Bien guidés vraiment libres ! [108] The peaks, however, were mostly ignored except for a few notable examples, and long left to the exclusive attention of the people of the adjoining valleys. Les politiques de protection de l'environnement et de développement durable diffèrent donc en fonction des territoires alpins. Des historiens vaudois ont également noté au fil des siècles l'importance de l'éducation chez les populations de ces montagnes et la présence des instituteurs itinérants dans les villages, par exemple dans la vallée d'Angrogne (Italie)[18] ; ils soulignent un réseau, déjà existant au XVIe siècle. Espagne. Check out snow reports on Ski-Europe! Centre ville 0.74 km Aéroport 58.30 km. Cervin Le Cervin est, avec une altitude de 4 478 mètres, le 12e sommet le plus élevé des Alpes. The peaks in the easterly portion of the range, in Austria and Slovenia, are smaller than those in the central and western portions.[15]. Origanum vulgare, Prunella vulgaris, Solanum nigrum and Urtica dioica are some of the more useful medicinal species found in the Alps. Now the pass has been supplanted by the Fréjus Highway Tunnel (opened 1980) and Rail Tunnel (opened 1871). The tip of the mountain consists of gneisses from the African plate; the base of the peak, below the glaciated area, consists of European basement rock. Carte des stations de ski; Les meilleures stations; Comparateur de stations; Stations en France; News & reportages. Trouvez l’adresse qui vous intéresse sur la carte Hautes-Alpes ou préparez un calcul d'itinéraire à partir de ou vers Hautes-Alpes, trouvez tous les sites touristiques et les restaurants du Guide Michelin dans ou à proximité de Hautes-Alpes. La population sur l'ensemble de l'arc alpin était de 12 295 000 habitants en 2001[7][réf. [58], The rivers form lakes, such as Lake Geneva, a crescent shaped lake crossing the Swiss border with Lausanne on the Swiss side and the town of Evian-les-Bains on the French side. [140] In the lower areas where the forests are widespread, wooden tiles are traditionally used. [12] The range stretches from the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin, extending through France from Grenoble, and stretching eastward through mid and southern Switzerland. Le choronyme « Alpes » qui définit l’ensemble de la chaîne apparaît dès le Ier siècle av. Termes à exclure ... Rechercher. [136] Alpine festivals vary from country to country and often include the display of local costumes such as dirndl and trachten, the playing of Alpenhorns, wrestling matches, some pagan traditions such as Walpurgis Night and, in many areas, Carnival is celebrated before Lent. Centre ville 0.24 km Gare 39.09 km Aéroport 40.92 km. Les mouvements horizontaux sont plus faibles d’un ordre de grandeur, avec des vitesses horizontales relatives de part et d’autre de la chaîne (entre la plaine du Pô et l’avant-pays alpin) de l’ordre de 0,1 à 0,3 mm/an, plutôt en divergence[13]. The English word Alps derives from the Latin Alpes (through French). Selon des études du Giec, sous l'effet du réchauffement climatique, les glaciers alpins ont perdu entre 20 et 30 % de leur volume depuis 1980. J.-C. Selon une première hypothèse, l'origine est issue de l'appelatif gaulois alpe, lui-même issu d'une racine celtique ou pré-celtique alp qui viendrait d'albos, signifiant selon Delamarre « le monde lumineux, le monde d'en-haut », ou de l'indo-européen commun *albho- signifiant « blanc »1. 9/13. La température maximale est calculée selon la norme OMM, c'est à dire entre 6 heures UTC du jour J et 6 heures UTC du jour J+1. Hannibal famously crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants, and the Romans had settlements in the region. The largest city within the Alps is the city of Grenoble in France. Watch the infrared imagery for the evening and night. L'instituteur itinérant avait, à une époque, une, deux ou trois plumes à son chapeau, en fonction de ses compétences : une plume pour ceux qui n'enseignent qu'à lire, deux pour ceux qui enseignent la lecture et le calcul, trois pour ceux qui enseignent lecture, calcul et latin[20],[21]. Alpes du Sud. You will go through the massifs of Hautes-Alpes : Serre-Ponçon, Embrunais, Guillestrois, Queyras, Pays des écrins, Briançonnais… This guide contains for each tour maps from the French Geographical Institute, as well as clear and detailed descriptions, useful information and numerous pictures. Member: OP AVG C00 P01 P02 P03 P04 P05 P06 P07 P08 P09 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 P15 P16 P17 P18 P19 P20 … Ski à la Carte is called Holiski. [125], From the beginning of the 19th century, the tourism and mountaineering development of the Alps began. alpes carte europe - Info. CIVEX (Commission for Citizenship, Governance, … In the 19th century, the monasteries built in the high Alps during the medieval period to shelter travellers and as places of pilgrimage, became tourist destinations. [129], By 1940 many of the Alpine countries were under the control of the Axis powers. [77], The Alps are a habitat for 30,000 species of wildlife, ranging from the tiniest snow fleas to brown bears, many of which have made adaptations to the harsh cold conditions and high altitudes to the point that some only survive in specific micro-climates either directly above or below the snow line. Les Alpes constituent une des principales chaînes de montagne d’Europe, identifiée comme telle dès l’époque romaine, puis clairement circonscrite par les naturalistes à partir du xviiie siècle. [28], Important geological concepts were established as naturalists began studying the rock formations of the Alps in the 18th century. Michelin itineraries for all over the … [31], The core regions of the Alpine orogenic belt have been folded and fractured in such a manner that erosion created the characteristic steep vertical peaks of the Swiss Alps that rise seemingly straight out of the foreland areas. The typical Swiss chalet originated in the Bernese Oberland. Popularly gathered as food, the snails are now protected. [91] By the 6th century BC the La Tène culture was well established in the region,[94] and became known for high quality decorated weapons and jewellery. A mummified man, determined to be 5,000 years old, was discovered on a glacier at the Austrian–Italian border in 1991. Seven bear skulls from the cave may have been buried by the same prehistoric people. Cities with over 100,000 inhabitants in the Alps are: The population of the region is 14 million spread across eight countries. Europe. The montane zone extends from 800 to 1,700 m (2,600 to 5,600 ft), followed by the sub-Alpine zone from 1,600 to 2,400 m (5,200 to 7,900 ft). Switzerland and Liechtenstein were the only countries to avoid Axis takeover. [87], A number of species of moths live in the Alps, some of which are believed to have evolved in the same habitat up to 120 million years ago, long before the Alps were created. D'autres devenaient libraires, dont certains ont circulé dans toute l'Europe, voire se sont installés sur d'autres continents[22]. Alpes bavaroises Les Alpes bavaroises sont un ensemble de chaînes de montagnes située dans la … 7/13. Étant donné que nous sommes depuis 1850 dans une période de recul des glaciers, ils pourraient régresser de 30 à 70 % de leur volume d'ici 2050. Some meals are communal, such as fondue, where a pot is set in the middle of the table for each person to dip into. informations pratiques; DÉPARTS SNCF temps réel; DÉPARTS BUS, CAR, MÉTRO,… ARRIVÉES SNCF temps réel; TRAINS AU DÉPART LE 03/02 à 10H47. [134] Farming and forestry continue to be mainstays of Alpine culture, industries that provide for export to the cities and maintain the mountain ecology. Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. A railroad with a tunnel 1.6 km (1 mi) long was built along the route of the pass in the mid-19th century. 51 nouveaux projets soutenus par le FEDER et le FSE en Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Du 4 au 18 décembre 2021, les membres des comités de programmation des fonds européens FEDER/FSE pour les territoires d’Auvergne et de Rhône-Alpes ont été consultés par voie dématérialisée sur l’ensemble des projets présélectionnés au titre des programmes opérationnels. Carte Europe. Larger cities outside the Alps are Milan, Verona, Turin (Italy), Munich (Germany), Graz, Vienna, Salzburg (Austria), Ljubljana, Maribor, Kranj (Slovenia), Zurich, Geneva (Switzerland) and Lyon (France). Plan ou Carte des Hautes-Alpes, qui permet une localisation géographique avec le réseau routier et une combinaison des deux modes (mixte) permettant de superposer la carte routière avec la vue du ciel des Hautes-Alpes. 5 févr. With a summit of 2,469 m (8,100 ft), the Great St. Bernard Pass is one of the highest in the Alps, crossing the Italian-Swiss border east of the Pennine Alps along the flanks of Mont Blanc. In contrast, the southeastern part of the Alps ends on the Adriatic Sea in the area around Trieste towards Duino and Barcola.[20]. Cartes et Plans 1,184 . Weather in Europe, Satellite Infrared Weather Europe, Weather Forecast, Rainfall, Clouds, Sun in Europe. Cities such as Milan depend on 80% of water from Alpine runoff. 8/13. [117] Two men who first explored the regions of ice and snow were Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (1740–1799) in the Pennine Alps,[118] and the Benedictine monk of Disentis Placidus a Spescha (1752–1833). Schiller later wrote the play William Tell (1804), which tells the story the legendary Swiss marksman William Tell as part of the greater Swiss struggle for independence from the Habsburg Empire in the early 14th century. 5/13. Other larger and important cities within the Alps with over 100,000 inhabitants are in Tyrol with Bolzano (Italy), Trento (Italy) and Innsbruck (Austria). Carte GoogleMaps permettant de situer précisément les cols routiers de France. The altitude and size of the range affects the climate in Europe; in the mountains precipitation levels vary greatly and climatic conditions consist of distinct zones. detailed map of Haute-Savoie and neighboring regions . This causes erosion and the formation of valleys over time. les … [122], In 1816 Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife Mary Shelley visited Geneva and all three were inspired by the scenery in their writings. La plus grande partie de l’Europe reçoit des précipitations annuelles comprises entre 500 et 1 500 mm. Découvrez +2 000 vieilles cartes postales en vente sur Delcampe, la plus grande place de marché en ligne où vous trouverez les CPA les plus recherchées ! Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur is the most popular holiday region in the south of France. Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Menü schließen ; Hotel Troisgros 728 ROUTE DE VILLEREST , 42155 Roanne . [78], Human interference has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas, and, except for the beech forests of the Austrian Alps, forests of deciduous trees are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries. The sequence of Tethyan marine sediments and their oceanic basement is sandwiched between rock derived from the African and European plates. [109][110] The mountain peaks were seen as terrifying, the abode of dragons and demons, to the point that people blindfolded themselves to cross the Alpine passes. The ibex live in caves and descend to eat the succulent alpine grasses. The climate, plant life and animal life vary among the different sections or zones of the mountains. Eritrichium nanum, commonly known as the King of the Alps, is the most elusive of the alpine flowers, growing on rocky ridges at 2,600 to 3,750 m (8,530 to 12,300 ft). Aperçu : ski dans les Alpes These do not reach exactly to the same elevation, nor are they often found growing together; but their upper limit corresponds accurately enough to the change from a temperate to a colder climate that is further proved by a change in the presence of wild herbaceous vegetation. Informations complémentaires Cartes Postales > Europe > France > [06] Alpes Maritimes > Menton - Delcampe.fr Basel: Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut, This page was last edited on 31 January 2021, at 16:45. [126][127][128], Austrian-born Adolf Hitler had a lifelong romantic fascination with the Alps and by the 1930s established a home at Berghof, in the Obersalzberg region outside of Berchtesgaden. Où skier en avril. Selon Jean-François Donzier, directeur général de l'Office international de l'eau, organisateur des états généraux de l'eau en montagne, qui ont eu lieu à Megève en 2010, « Avec le réchauffement climatique, l'hiver, la neige se transforme en pluie et ne permet plus de stocker l'eau. Dans ce cadre, des scientifiques coopèrent avec des gestionnaires d’espaces protégés, des décideurs, des représentants du monde agricole, du tourisme et des usagers de la montagne des cinq dispositifs sentinelles déjà mis en place (ORCHAMP[9], Alpages sentinelles, Lacs sentinelles, Refuges sentinelles et le réseau de conservation de la flore Alpes-Ain)[10]. When Coleridge travelled to Chamonix, he declaimed, in defiance of Shelley, who had signed himself "Atheos" in the guestbook of the Hotel de Londres near Montenvers,[123] "Who would be, who could be an atheist in this valley of wonders". Cette surrection est une réponse isostatique à l’érosion et la fonte des glaciers alpins d’une part, et à des processus profonds à l’échelle lithosphérique d’autre part (épaississement crustal). [90], About 10,000 years ago, when the ice melted after the Würm glaciation, late Palaeolithic communities were established along the lake shores and in cave systems. Version Internet en ligne de l'Atlas physique de l'Europe créé par Euratlas. Prévision Météo Europe, Satellite Météo Europe, Précipitation, Nuages, le Soleil Europe - SAT24.com Because of his work he came to be known as the "father of the ice-age concept" although other naturalists before him put forth similar ideas. La limite supérieure des forêts se situe habituellement entre 1 800 m sur les sommets exposés des Préalpes et 2 500 m dans les vallées intérieures suisses du Valais et de l'Engadine. The Alps[a] are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe,[b][2] and stretch approximately 1,200 km (750 mi) across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): France, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, and Slovenia. En incluant Monaco, la chaîne alpine s'étend sur huit pays. En 2016-2017, un « Projet Sentinelles des Alpes » vise à élaborer, partager et intégrer avant 2020 les moyens d'observation des relations climat-homme-biodiversités à l’échelle du massif côté français. [144] In 1930 the Lauberhorn Rennen (Lauberhorn Race), was run for the first time on the Lauberhorn above Wengen;[145] the equally demanding Hahnenkamm was first run in the same year in Kitzbühl, Austria. Timbres, pièces de monnaie et billets, cartes postales ou autres objets de collection, ils sont tous sur Delcampe ! [51] Forty percent of the glaciation in Austria has disappeared since 1850, and 30% of that in Switzerland. [43] Typically, the largest earthquakes in the alps have been between magnitude 6 and 7 on the Richter scale. In Switzerland the canton of Bern was named for the bears but the last bear is recorded as having been killed in 1792 above Kleine Scheidegg by three hunters from Grindelwald. non conforme]. A wheel of cheese from the Emmental in Switzerland can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb), and the Beaufort in Savoy can weigh up to 70 kg (150 lb). The Winter Olympic Games have been hosted in the Swiss, French, Italian, Austrian and German Alps. Carte du monde, carte d'Europe, cartes des villes et bien d'autres cartes. [95] The Celts were the most widespread of the mountain tribes—they had warriors that were strong, tall and fair skinned, and skilled with iron weapons, which gave them an advantage in warfare. Extreme shortening caused by the event resulted in marine sedimentary rocks rising by thrusting and folding into high mountain peaks such as Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn. [25], The highest pass in the alps is the col de l'Iseran in Savoy (France) at 2,770 m (9,088 ft), followed by the Stelvio Pass in northern Italy at 2,756 m (9,042 ft); the road was built in the 1820s.[22]. [50] The 1,817 km2 (702 sq mi) of the Alps covered by glaciers in 1876 had shrunk to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi) by 1973, resulting in decreased river run-off levels. Thus, Savoy built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley in order to protect the major alpine passes, such as the col du Mont-Cenis that was even crossed by Charlemagne and his father to defeat the Lombards. Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. This may be consistent with the theory that in Greek Alpes is a name of non-Indo-European origin (which is common for prominent mountains and mountain ranges in the Mediterranean region).