Statistics on Spanish immigrants in France show a growth of 107 percent between 2009 and 2012, i.e. In 2008, the INSEE (National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies) estimated that the total number of foreign-born immigrants was around 5 million (8% of the population), while their French-born descendants numbered 6.5 million, or 11% of the population. [334] Nevertheless, Jules Ferry is considered the father of the French modern school, leading reforms in the late 19th century that established free, secular, and compulsory education (currently mandatory until the age of 16).[335][336]. France, including its overseas territories, has the most time zones of any country, with a total of twelve. Telle est la question posée par Alain Finkielkraut à la journaliste Florence Aubenas, dont le livre "En France" est une collection de reportages partout dans le pays. The Château de Chantilly, Versailles and Vaux-le-Vicomte, all three located near Paris, are also visitor attractions. As of 2016[update], French government debt levels reached 2.2 trillion euros, the equivalent of 96.4% of French GDP. France (French: [fʁɑ̃s] ), officially the French Republic (French: République française),[1] is a country primarily located in Western Europe, consisting of metropolitan France and several overseas regions and territories. OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR. In that year, French troops conquered Algeria, establishing the first colonial presence in Africa since Napoleon's abortive invasion of Egypt in 1798. ", La Constitution- La Constitution du 4 Octobre 1958. ls the French obsession with "cultural exception" declining? There are ten major ports in France, the largest of which is in Marseille,[234] which also is the largest bordering the Mediterranean Sea. It was only in 1981 that the government allowed free broadcasting in the territory, ending state monopoly on radio. [270][271], Since the French Revolution, and as codified in the 1958 French Constitution, it is illegal for the French state to collect data on ethnicity and ancestry. [280] Many foreign Romani people are expelled back to Bulgaria and Romania frequently.[281]. Tensions between the kingdom of France and the Plantagenet empire would last a hundred years, until Philip II of France conquered, between 1202 and 1214 most of the continental possessions of the empire, leaving England and Aquitaine to the Plantagenets. France has an extensive river system consisting of the four major rivers Seine, the Loire, the Garonne, the Rhône and their tributaries, whose combined catchment includes over 62% of the metropolitan territory. Official Site of the Olympic Movement", "World Cup 2018: France beat Croatia 4-2 in World Cup final", 1984: Platini shines for flamboyant France, "Thierry Henry calls end to France career", "Change Seems Essential to Escape Extinction: Wimbledon: World's Most Loved Dinosaur", Official site of the French public service, Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe, autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark, Countries and dependencies of South America, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique, Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=France&oldid=1005169580, French-speaking countries and territories, Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean, States and territories established in 1792, Articles with dead external links from March 2020, Articles with Dutch-language sources (nl), Articles with French-language sources (fr), Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2021, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles containing Swedish-language text, Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019, Articles containing undetermined-language text, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014, Articles with incomplete citations from January 2018, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, State private property under the direct authority of the. [473] The national rugby union team has competed at every Rugby World Cup, and takes part in the annual Six Nations Championship. [97] Charles de Gaulle Airport, located in the vicinity of Paris, is the largest and busiest airport in the country, handling the vast majority of popular and commercial traffic and connecting Paris with virtually all major cities across the world. [471], The French Open, also called Roland-Garros, is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris. There are 464 airports in France. [260] This was the highest rate since the end of the baby boom in 1973, and coincides with the rise of the total fertility rate from a nadir of 1.7 in 1994 to 2.0 in 2010. The French metropolitan territory is relatively large, so the climate is not uniform, giving rise to the following climate nuances: • The hot-summer mediterranean climate (Csa) is found along the Gulf of Lion. Subsequently, France takes steps in protecting and promoting its culture, becoming a leading advocate of the cultural exception. Descartes revitalised Western philosophy, which had been declined after the Greek and Roman eras. The perceived threat from anglicisation has prompted efforts to safeguard the position of the French language in France. The Gauls mixed with Roman settlers and eventually adopted Roman culture and Roman speech (Latin, from which the French language evolved). Only months later, France faced another anti-colonialist conflict in Algeria. A small part of Northern France was occupied, but France and its allies emerged victorious against the Central Powers at a tremendous human and material cost. With 6 millions tourists a year, the castles of the Loire Valley (French: châteaux) and the Loire Valley itself are the third leading tourist destination in France;[221][222] this World Heritage site is noteworthy for its architectural heritage, in its historic towns but in particular its castles, such as the Châteaux d'Amboise, de Chambord, d'Ussé, de Villandry, Chenonceau and Montsoreau. • The degraded oceanic climate (degraded-Cfb) is found in the interior plains and in the intra-alpine valleys, far from the ocean (or sea). [290][291][292] In 2008, France granted citizenship to 137,000 persons, mostly from Morocco, Algeria and Turkey. The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and the reign of Louis XIV. Ask & … The Roman de Renart, written in 1175 by Perrout de Saint Cloude, tells the story of the medieval character Reynard ('the Fox') and is another example of early French writing. 26 February 2014. Jules Hardouin Mansart, who designed the extensions to Versailles, was one of the most influential French architect of the baroque era; he is famous for his dome at Les Invalides. Shelved with: Jardins de France Addeddate 2008-09-08 17:14:55 Call number With XJ .A68 Camera Canon 5D External-identifier urn:oclc:record:1047490350 Identifier journaldelasoci18soci Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t2n58r79k Openlibrary_edition … In 1799-1814 France reached its political and military zenith under Napoléon Bonaparte, subjugating much of continental Europe and establishing the First French Empire. [349] Other national museums hosting paintings include the Grand Palais (1.3 million visitors in 2008), but there are also many museums owned by cities, the most visited being the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris (0.8 million entries in 2008), which hosts contemporary works. Although English-speaking creations achieved popularity in the country, French pop music, known as chanson française, has also remained very popular. Rail connections exist to all other neighboring countries in Europe, except Andorra. France is a major arms seller,[177][178] with most of its arsenal's designs available for the export market with the notable exception of nuclear-powered devices. In the same year, French companies invested $220 billion outside France, ranking France as the second largest outward direct investor in the OECD, behind the United States ($311 billion), and ahead of the UK ($111 billion), Japan ($128 billion) and Germany ($157 billion). Long-established TV channels TF1 (privatized in 1987), France 2 and France 3 have the highest shares, while radio stations RTL, Europe 1 and state-owned France Inter are the least listened to. Related Subjects: (11) French language -- Discourse analysis. These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the metric system, the Napoleonic Code and the Declaration of the Rights of Man. Spanish troops, the terror of Western Europe,[55] assisted the Catholic side during the Wars of Religion in 1589–1594, and invaded northern France in 1597; after some skirmishing in the 1620s and 1630s, Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. "La France" redirects here. French composers played an important role during the music of the 19th and early 20th century, which is considered to be the Romantic music era. France has signed and ratified the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)[172] and acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. In the 1960s, the elitist "Haute couture" came under criticism from France's youth culture. Much of the Enlightenment occurred in French intellectual circles, and major scientific breakthroughs and inventions, such as the discovery of oxygen (1778) and the first hot air balloon carrying passengers (1783), were achieved by French scientists. Especially costly were the Seven Years' War and the American War of Independence. [122] A PNR sets goals and guidelines for managed human habitation, sustainable economic development and protection of the natural environment based on each park's unique landscape and heritage. It counts 1,200 museums welcoming more than 50 million people annually. Gaul was divided by Augustus into Roman provinces. The vast majority of France's territory and population is situated in Western Europe and is called Metropolitan France, to distinguish it from the country's various overseas polities. Spencer C. Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). It hosts the world's fifth-largest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites and is the leading tourist destination, receiving over 89 million foreign visitors in 2018. By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established "the royal monopoly of force" as the doctrine. Following the renaissance and the end of the Middle Ages, Baroque architecture replaced the traditional Gothic style. France has a close association with the Modern Olympic Games; it was a French aristocrat, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, who suggested the Games' revival, at the end of the 19th century. Chacun était invité à se prononcer sur les mots les plus positifs et les plus négatifs, sur une échelle de 0 à 10, et sur les termes décrivant le mieux leur image du pays, sur la même échelle. The new Rafale F3 aircraft will gradually replace all Mirage 2000N and SEM in the nuclear strike role with the improved ASMP-A missile with a nuclear warhead. Influenced by German phenomenology and existentialism, the philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre gained a strong influence after World War II, and late-20th-century-France became the cradle of postmodern philosophy with Jean-François Lyotard, Jean Baudrillard, Jacques Derrida and Michel Foucault. [28] France has numerous megalithic sites from the Neolithic period, including the exceptionally dense Carnac stones site (approximately 3,300 BC). In its 2000 assessment of world health care systems, the World Health Organization found that France provided the "close to best overall health care" in the world. The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned the empire, with West Francia becoming the Kingdom of France in 987. Higher education is divided between public universities and the prestigious and selective Grandes écoles, such as Sciences Po Paris for Political studies, HEC Paris for Economics, Polytechnique, the École des hautes études en sciences sociales for Social studies and the École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris that produce high-profile engineers, or the École nationale d'administration for careers in the Grands Corps of the state. Gabriel Goodliffe and Riccardo Brizzi, eds. [207][208], France has historically been a large producer of agricultural products. French religious policy is based on the concept of laïcité, a strict separation of church and state under which public life is kept completely secular. After strong demographic and agricultural development between the 4th and 3rd millennia, metallurgy appeared at the end of the 3rd millennium, initially working gold, copper and bronze, as well as later iron. Michel de Montaigne was the other major figure of the French literature during that century. [36] According to Plutarch and the writings of scholar Brendan Woods, the Gallic Wars resulted in 800 conquered cities, 300 subdued tribes, one million men sold into slavery, and another three million dead in battle. Jones, Colin. [445] Moreover, each region of France has iconic traditional specialities: Cassoulet in the Southwest, Choucroute in Alsace, Quiche in the Lorraine region, Beef bourguignon in the Bourgogne, provençal Tapenade, etc. France's annual military expenditure in 2018 was US$63.8 billion, or 2.3% of its GDP, making it the fifth biggest military spender in the world after the United States, China, Saudi Arabia, and India.[173]. Christine Develotte is University Professor in Language Sciences at the École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France. It is the premier clay court tennis championship event in the world and the second of four annual Grand Slam tournaments.[472]. La Convention UNESCO pour la diversité culturelle : vers un droit international culturel contraignant ? [113][114][115] French forests are some of the most diverse in Europe, comprising more than 140 species of trees. [139] Laws prohibiting discriminatory speech in the press are as old as 1881. France . [49] Accordingly, the crown passed to Philip of Valois, a cousin of Charles, rather than through the female line to Charles' nephew, Edward of Plantagenet, who would soon become Edward III of England. [citation needed]. In 1905, state secularism was officially established. [111] However, the plan was abandoned due to fears of burdening French businesses. The Prix Goncourt is a French literary prize first awarded in 1903. The Government of France has run a budget deficit each year since the early 1970s. [284][285] They were joined by numerous former colonial subjects from North and West Africa, as well as numerous European immigrants from Spain and Portugal. The plat principal could include a pot au feu or steak frites. The latter, in particular, held numerous properties throughout France and by the 13th century were the principal bankers for the French crown, until Philip IV annihilated the order in 1307. While the Louvre Palace has been for a long time a museum, the Musée d'Orsay was inaugurated in 1986 in the old railway station Gare d'Orsay, in a major reorganisation of national art collections, to gather French paintings from the second part of the 19th century (mainly Impressionism and Fauvism movements). Simultaneously, Celtic Britons, fleeing the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, settled the western part of Armorica. Some authors of French medieval texts are unknown, such as Tristan and Iseult and Lancelot-Grail. Native speakers of other languages made up the remaining 5.2% of the population.[305]. The second is offered in high schools (lycée) and finishes in national exams leading to a baccalaureate (baccalauréat, available in professional, technical or general flavors) or certificate of professional competence (certificat d'aptitude professionelle). Summers are warm and dry, while winters are cool and wet. In 843, under the Treaty of Verdun, the empire was divided between Louis' three sons, with East Francia going to Louis the German, Middle Francia to Lothair I, and West Francia to Charles the Bald. [289] The European Union allows free movement between the member states, although France established controls to curb Eastern European migration[citation needed], and immigration remains a contentious political issue. TCF … Under Louis XIII, the energetic Cardinal Richelieu promoted the centralisation of the state and reinforced the royal power by disarming domestic power holders in the 1620s. The current French nuclear force consists of four Triomphant class submarines equipped with submarine-launched ballistic missiles. Despite withdrawing from the Eurofighter project, France is actively investing in European joint projects such as the Eurocopter Tiger, multipurpose frigates, the UCAV demonstrator nEUROn and the Airbus A400M. The kings were crowned in another important Gothic church: Notre-Dame de Reims. It is one of the earliest academies of sciences. la maison ma maison est très grande, nous disposons de 10 chambres à coucher, une salle de jeux, une salle de cinéma, une piscine et un cort de tennis english english version my house is very big, we have 10 bedrooms, a games room, a cinema, a swimmimg pool and tennis corts. [27] Over the ensuing millennia, humans were confronted by a harsh and variable climate, marked by several glacial periods. [97], Even if the French have the reputation of being one of the thinnest people in developed countries,[324][325][326][327][328] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea.The overseas … ", Sylvia Zappi, "French Government Revives Assimilation Policy", in Migration Policy Institute. André Thuilier, Histoire de l'université de Paris et de la Sorbonne, Paris, Nouvelle librairie de France, 1994, Burke, Peter, A social history of knowledge: from Gutenberg to Diderot, Malden: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 2000, p. 17. The Franks embraced the Christian Gallo-Roman culture and ancient Gaul was eventually renamed Francia ("Land of the Franks"). [429] In January 2010, the magazine International Living ranked France as "best country to live in", ahead of 193 other countries, for the fifth year running. There are also regional languages spoken in France, such as Occitan, Breton, Catalan, Flemish (Dutch dialect), Alsatian (German dialect), Basque, and Corsican. [132] The Prime Minister, currently Jean Castex, is the head of government, appointed by the President of the Republic to lead the Government of France. Mountains affected by this climate: Aiguille du midi, Barre des Écrins, Belledonne, Grand-Casse, Mont Blanc (4,810 m), Pic du Midi de Bigorre. Following the Battle of Bouvines, the Angevin court retreated to England, but persistent Capetian–Plantagenet rivalry would pave the way for another conflict, the Hundred Years' War. In 1974, after years of centralised monopoly on radio and television, the governmental agency ORTF was split into several national institutions, but the three already-existing TV channels and four national radio stations[421][422] remained under state-control. [117] There are nine national parks[118] and 46 natural parks in France,[119] with the government planning to convert 20% of its Exclusive economic zone into a Marine protected area by 2020. Contact us: For general queries [80][81][82] A vestige of the colonial empire are the French overseas departments and territories. Directors from nations such as Poland (Roman Polanski, Krzysztof Kieślowski, Andrzej Żuławski), Argentina (Gaspar Noé, Edgardo Cozarinsky), Russia (Alexandre Alexeieff, Anatole Litvak), Austria (Michael Haneke) and Georgia (Géla Babluani, Otar Iosseliani) are prominent in the ranks of French cinema. Maurice Ravel and Claude Debussy are the most prominent figures associated with Impressionist music. [136] The Government has a strong influence in shaping the agenda of Parliament. [373] As of 2014[update], French authors had more Literature Nobel Prizes than those of any other nation. In addition to mandating the use of French in the territory of the Republic, the French government tries to promote French in the European Union and globally through institutions such as the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. User-contributed reviews. Web. Large-scale immigration over the last century and a half has led to a more multicultural society. Facing financial troubles, King Louis XVI summoned the Estates-General (gathering the three Estates of the realm) in May 1789 to propose solutions to his government. French cuisine is renowned for being one of the finest in the world. décrire. In the 2017 presidential and legislative elections, radical centrist party En Marche! 06 - La ville; 07 - Les fêtes; 08 - La maison; 09 - Médias et communications ; 10 - Mode, forme et santé; 11 - Les études; 12 - La vie professionnelle; 13 - L'amour et l'argent; Chapter Objectives; Carte du site; ABOUT. [19] Modern France is still named today Francia in Italian and Spanish, while Frankreich in German, Frankrijk in Dutch and Frankrike in Swedish all mean "Land/realm of the Franks". [15][16] It remains a great power in global affairs,[17] being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and an official nuclear-weapon state. Le 31 janvier dernier, l'institut Elabe a publié la deuxième édition de son étude Les mots de la France. Romantic music emphasised a surrender to nature, a fascination with the past and the supernatural, the exploration of unusual, strange and surprising sounds, and a focus on national identity. Air France is the national carrier airline, although numerous private airline companies provide domestic and international travel services. Credits; Grants and Awards; Contact; Login; Search form. City affected by this climate: Barcelonnette. The executive branch itself has two leaders. [204] In 2007, Euronext merged with the New York stock exchange to form NYSE Euronext, the world's largest stock exchange. The Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) has been ranked by the Nature Index 2020 as the fourth institution with highest share of articles published in scientific journals in the world. By turning powerful feudal lords into courtiers at the Palace of Versailles, Louis XIV's personal power became unchallenged. [463] Since 1900, France has hosted the Olympics on 4 further occasions: the 1924 Summer Olympics, again in Paris[461] and three Winter Games (1924 in Chamonix, 1968 in Grenoble and 1992 in Albertville). [274][278][279], France has a significant Gypsy (Gitan) population, numbering between 20,000 and 400,000. Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration Some of the finest collections are in Lyon, Lille, Rouen, Dijon, Rennes and Grenoble. France is a highly urbanized country, with its largest cities (in terms of metropolitan area population in 2016[295]) being Paris (12,568,755 inh. In the 1990s and 2000s (decade), electronic duos Daft Punk, Justice and Air also reached worldwide popularity and contributed to the reputation of modern electronic music in the world.[386][388][389]. Adjektive: Essen und Getränke beschreiben 17 Terms. In the High Middle Ages, France was a highly decentralized feudal kingdom in which the authority of the king was barely felt. Education Website. Approximately 77% of health expenditures are covered by government funded agencies. This rebellion was driven by the great feudal lords and sovereign courts as a reaction to the rise of royal absolute power in France. Le français avec les Machin . France retains its centuries-long status as a global centre of art, science, and philosophy. This is a beginner level dictée with the following theme: Décrire un lieu d'habitation. [27] France has a large number of decorated caves from the upper Palaeolithic era, including one of the most famous and best preserved, Lascaux[27] (approximately 18,000 BC). Louis XIV also revoked the Edict of Nantes, forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile. Pepin's son, Charlemagne, reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built a vast empire across Western and Central Europe. [199] In 2008, France was the third largest recipient of foreign direct investment among OECD countries at $118 billion, ranking behind Luxembourg (where foreign direct investment was essentially monetary transfers to banks located there) and the United States ($316 billion), but above the United Kingdom ($96.9 billion), Germany ($25 billion), or Japan ($24 billion). A majority in the Assembly in 1792 however saw a war with Austria and Prussia as a chance to boost the popularity of the revolutionary government, and thought that France would win a war against those gathered monarchies. Other major authors of that century include Alexandre Dumas (The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte-Cristo), Jules Verne (Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea), Émile Zola (Les Rougon-Macquart), Honoré de Balzac (La Comédie humaine), Guy de Maupassant, Théophile Gautier and Stendhal (The Red and the Black, The Charterhouse of Parma), whose works are among the most well known in France and the world. [370] His novel Les Misérables is widely seen as one of the greatest novel ever written[371] and The Hunchback of Notre Dame has remained immensely popular. Freedom of religion is constitutionally guaranteed by the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. "Terrorisme" et "violence" moins souvent cités. Ecole LFMP (Le Français Ma Passion) Sàrl. Please allow 30 minutes to 6 hours time depending upon the size of the video. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. About a million Frenchmen died during the Napoleonic Wars. [427] As of 2011[update], 75% of French had a favourable view of the United States, making France one of the most pro-American countries in the world. King Philip Augustus achieved remarkable success in the strengthening of royal power and the expansion of his realm, doubling its size and defeating his rivals. l'institut Elabe a publié la deuxième édition, Sondage: pour une majorité de Français, les pouvoirs sont trop concentrés autour de Macron, Macron et le pape François "personnalités de l'année" selon un sondage, Sondage: 61% des Français ne font pas confiance à Macron pour réformer la politique migratoire. D'autres mots tels que "les inégalités", "les discriminations" et l'immigration" ont été également moins souvent associés à la France. In 2006, the government created global news channel France 24. Around the beginning of the 11th century, Pope Sylvester II, born Gerbert d'Aurillac, reintroduced the abacus and armillary sphere, and introduced Arabic numerals and clocks to Northern and Western Europe. With an estimated January 2021 population of 67.41 million people,[258] France is the 20th most populous country in the world, the third-most populous in Europe (after Russia and Germany), and the second most populous in the European Union (after Germany). [216] The most popular tourist sites include (annual visitors): Eiffel Tower (6.2 million), Château de Versailles (2.8 million), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (2 million), Pont du Gard (1.5 million), Arc de Triomphe (1.2 million), Mont Saint-Michel (1 million), Sainte-Chapelle (683,000), Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg (549,000), Puy de Dôme (500,000), Musée Picasso (441,000), and Carcassonne (362,000). [398][399] The nation also hosts the Cannes Festival, one of the most important and famous film festivals in the world.[400][401]. [259] Between 2006 and 2016, France saw the second highest overall increase in population in the EU, and was one of only four EU countries where natural births accounted for most population growth. French law is divided into two principal areas: private law and public law. [85] France has also gradually but fully reintegrated into NATO and has since participated in most NATO sponsored wars. A huge collection of old masterpieces created before or during the 18th century are displayed in the state-owned Musée du Louvre, such as Mona Lisa, also known as La Joconde.
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